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DURHAM ECONOMICS DIGEST
Environment
All the latest insights on the natural world, sustainability, and climate change.


Dropping Cocoa Prices: Sweet for Consumers, Bitter for Farmers
With Valentine’s Day approaching, the prices of fancy chocolates and flowers skyrocket with the sudden influx of lovers demanding these goods to gift to their partners. In Ghana – the world’s second largest producer of cocoa – unpaid cocoa farmers are finding it difficult to put food on the table and pay for their children’s schooling. In 2024, Ghana ranked 81 out of 193 in terms of GDP, with most of its trade (16B) dependent on the export of gold (5.90B), cocoa (1.46B) and

Gabby Wong
6 days ago4 min read


Brazil at the Centre of the Global Rare Earths Power Struggle
Brazil has become the focal point of an intensifying geopolitical contest over rare earths, with the US, EU, and China racing to secure access to the country’s vast reserves. These minerals are essential for clean energy, defense, and advanced manufacturing, yet global supply remains heavily dominated by China. Holding the world’s second-largest reserves, most of them still underdeveloped, Brazil has emerged as a strategic prize at a moment of rising trade tensions. Washingto

Gayathri Sunil Pushpangadan
Feb 82 min read


Murk in Every Sense: Sewage, Debt and Reform in England and Wales’ Privatised Water
January 2026. Ofwat set to be abolished in what could be the most radical overhaul of the water sector since privatisation. The operations of England and Wales’ privatised water and sewage systems are murky in more ways than one. Polluted rivers and untreated sewage, opaque finances, blurred accountability, a regulatory system that struggles to see clearly beneath the surface. ‘Murk in every sense’ Does the government’s “New Vision for Water” genuinely cut through the fog,

Sophia Boiko
Jan 253 min read


From Fossil to Fusion: Humanity's Next Giant Leap Towards Sustainable Energy
How harnessing the power of the sun can help brighten the future of humanity on its mission towards global decarbonisation and sustainable

Bailey Rawden
Dec 22, 20227 min read


Why Biden’s ‘Green New Deal’ won’t Uproot Chinese Dominance of the Renewable Energy Sector
Joseph R. Biden, the 46th President of the United States, recently changed the vocabulary of the White House and federal agencies to...

Legacy Writer
Sep 23, 20215 min read


Climate Change Deadlines are Approaching for Many Countries - are They on Track?
It has been 5 years since 197 countries committed to the Paris Agreement, a legally binding pledge to limit the increase of global...

Legacy Writer
Sep 23, 20216 min read


Must we Keep the Developing World ‘Underdeveloped’ to Avoid Catastrophic Climate Change?
It is no surprise that the world’s least developed countries are also the most susceptible to the devastation of climate change....

Legacy Writer
Sep 23, 20215 min read


Water Scarcity in MENA and Diplomatic Problems
Water stresses can no longer be bottled up. The Middle East has been one of the first to experience a rude awakening to the reality of...

Legacy Writer
Sep 23, 20216 min read


From Paris to the World: The Future of Climate Finance in a Post-COVID-19 Era
The impact of climate change has become a concerning global issue for academics, policymakers, international organisations and financial...

Legacy Writer
Sep 23, 20218 min read


On the Validity of the World Bank Group’s Role in Shaping Global Climate Change Policy
We thank James Close, former director of the Climate Change Group in the World Bank, for his contribution, and note that although the...

Legacy Writer
Sep 23, 20214 min read



Legacy Writer
Sep 23, 20217 min read


From an Economics Perspective, do the Benefits Outweigh the Costs of Fighting Climate Change?
Tatyana Wu

Legacy Writer
Sep 23, 20216 min read


To What Extent Have Economists Progressed Our Understanding of the Causes and Prevention of Famines?
Suhayb Ahmed

Legacy Writer
Sep 23, 20216 min read



Legacy Writer
Sep 23, 20212 min read


Economists really ought to treat climate change as a priority
According to a poll this year, 48% of Americans are afraid of climate change. This may sound like a large percentage, but it is not...

Legacy Writer
Sep 23, 20213 min read
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